A Sense of Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Sense of Truth - Essay Example An exhaustive investigation and better comprehension explains as well as lights up the differentiation among misdirection and truth, trust and question. Plato in his work, Moral story of the Cave distributed in his book The Polity introduced the bogus reality that anchored the individuals inside the cavern. They had been blinded by numbness and eclipsed by obscurity. They accepted that the shadows on the dividers of the cavern were valid instead of the truth that these were simply manikins and fantasies. One of the detainees had in the end gotten away and seen the light. The daylight speaks to the unadulterated Fact of the matter, which is the thing that really is, and isn't comparative with what any individual may think to be truth (Christian Dunn, 2006). The purpose of Plato was to discover reality as a definitive objective; depending on the faculties to decipher reality would not give reality. This view of reality will likewise be unique in relation to individual to individual. Besides, Plato proposed that our faculties can be an interruption from reality and ought not be trusted on the grounds that they are untrusting and bogus a dvisers for real factors. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha contended something else. ... With the foundation and establishment laid, I am currently prepared to respond to the inquiry Should we confide in our faculties to give us truth Believing our faculties accomplishes the reason for recognizing what actually. It basically implies permitting the psyche to process the data saw through the faculties and making judgment dependent on these observations. Each individual's responses albeit shifted will distinguish that the upgrades have been reacted to relying upon the conditions and courses of an occasion. While a perception is an introduction to a finding of what truly occurs, it is still with exact information that the fact of the matter is tried and settled. All things considered, a case stays a case if not sponsored up with realities. By and by, believing the faculties despite everything remains a definitive worldview that ushers the information on reality. In an unchartered region, the most an individual can do is to act as per his impulses and endure contingent upon a view of this condition. Obviously, it is the ideal time for his faculties to be used and amplified. Envision being stuck in the Arabian Desert. What infiltrate your eyes are dreams of sand, sky, date palms, and incidental 8-legged creature like scorpions, ticks and creepy crawlies. The residue influencing noticeable all around gives an unendurable smell. The fearless tranquility and peacefulness create a stunning sound just as the blasting of the breeze. The flavor of water and soft drink creeps into your nerves and makes you thirst. More regrettable of all, the singing warmth comes to up to 54C. All these in thought will decide the capacity of an individual to fashion his responses dependent on boosts. Suppose there is a snake in the Desert. Caught in this circumstance, the individual must discover approaches to dispose of the snake. How When the

Harriet tubman 3 Essay Example For Students

Harriet tubman 3 Essay Her name has the right to be passed on to family, next to each other with the names of Jeanne DArc, Grace Darling and Florence Nightingale, for not one of these ladies, respectable and bold as they were, has indicated more fortitude, and intensity of perseverance, in confronting peril and demise to soothe human affliction, than this poor dark lady . . . (4). In 1850, Harriet Tubman prevailing with her first endeavor in liberating slaves from the South. Nineteen additional endeavors would be performed during the time she worked in the Underground Railroad of the 1850s. Her quest for abolitionism would proceed with her endeavors in the Civil War as a medical attendant and scout. Harriets work in the Underground Railroad and as a scout for the North in the Civil War made her a legend against servitude. Araminta Ross was either conceived in 1820 or 1821 on a ranch in Dorchester County, Maryland. Records were not kept of slave births so her birthdate is a puzzle. She was a blessed slave young lady since she had her mom close by to raise her. It was not unexpected to have a slave mother and her kids split separated by the slave exchange. Araminta had scarcely any garments to wear; typically only a filthy cotton dress. She dozed as near the fire as conceivable on chilly evenings and once in a while stuck her toes into the seething cinders to stay away from frostbite. Cornmeal was her fundamental wellspring of nourishment and sporadically meat or something to that affect as her family had the benefit to chase and fish. The vast majority of her youth was gone through with her grandma who was unreasonably old for slave work. At age six, Araminta was mature enough to be viewed as ready to work. She didn't work in the fields however. Edward Brodas, her lord, loaned her to a couple who previously set her to work weaving. At the point when she relaxed at this particular employment the couple gave her the obligation of checking muskrat traps. Araminta got the measles while accomplishing this work. The couple thought she was inept and returned her to Brodas. At the point when she recovered, she was taken in by a lady as a maid and sitter. Araminta was whipped during the work here and was sent back to Brodas subsequent to eating one of the womans sugar 3D shapes. Similar to the custom on all manors, when she turned eleven, she began wearing a splendid cotton handkerchief around her head showing she was not, at this point a youngster. She was additionally not, at this point known by her container name, Araminta. Presently she would be called Harriet (McClard 21, 26-28, 29-33). In 1844, Harriet Ross wedded a very much fabricated man with a prepared giggle. John Tubman was a free slave not at all like Harriet. Since she was a slave, she knew there could be an opportunity that she could be sold and her marriage would be part separated. Harriet longed for voyaging north. There, she would be free and would not need to stress over having her marriage split up by the slave exchange. Be that as it may, John didn't need her to go north. He said he was fine where he was and that there was no purpose behind moving north. She said she would pass without anyone else. He answered with questions like When its evening, by what means will you realize what direction is north? what's more, What will you eat? He disclosed to her that in the event that she ran off, he would reveal to her lord. She didn't trust him until she saw his face and afterward she realized he would not joke about this. Her objective to accomplish opportunity was unreasonably huge for her to surrender however. So she left her better half and voyaged north with her siblings (Petry 80-87, 90). Harriet hitched a ride with a lady and her significant other who were cruising by. They were abolitionists and sufficiently kind to give her headings to safe houses and names of individuals who might assist her with intersection the Mason-Dixon line. .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .postImageUrl , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:hover , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:visited , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:active { border:0!important; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:active , .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:hover { obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c 67d19ebdaae816 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u02fc17563cf518e50c67d19ebdaae816:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Utilitarianism Essay Thesis The couple took her to Philadelphia. Here, Harriet found a new line of work where she spared her compensation to help free slaves. She likewise met William Still. (Taylor 35-39, 40-41). William Still was one of the Underground Railroads busiest station aces. He was a freeborn .

Supervisory techniques

The word directing can be characterized as the way toward helping people who are in a general sense mentally solid or in any case settle formative and situational issues. Administrative methods are fundamental and consolidate a few advances that may not act naturally alluded as advising, for example, inventive critical thinking yet have comparative point. A fruitful advisor has a full grown and even perspective and disposition and spots him/her self in the shoes of the counselee, and can regard their (counselee) suppositions, musings, sentiments and emotions.After assessing the story as portrayed, a sensible, functional arrangement can be grown independently from the outset on the off chance that this is advantageous, and afterward mutually to urge the members to give their earnest attempts at situating their relationship with one another. It must be noticed that the adjustment in circumstances like money related status, physical wellbeing, and the impact of relatives and companions can have an antagonistic negative effect on the lead, reactions and activities of the those counselee.The extent of mentoring covers a wide and expanded field of study as it incorporates what one would envision far and past these distinguished themes;- Abortion mentoring, Brief treatment, Career Counseling, Christian mentoring, Counseling brain research, Credit mentoring, Cross-social mentoring, Disaster mentoring, Disciplinary mentoring, Ecological mentoring, Family and marriage mentoring, Genetic mentoring, Grief and injury mentoring, Marriage mentoring, Pastoral mentoring, Relationship mentoring , Rehabilitation mentoring, Sexual injury mentoring, Suicide intercession and so forth 1.0) Pregnancy Options and Abortion mentoring This gives data and backing to a pregnant lady who is thinking about between the decisions with respect to the continuation of the pregnancy. The decisions incorporate proceeding with the pregnancy for child rearing or reception and pregnancy end. In all act uality, qualified consultants take the data with conviction and enthusiastically that enables every lady to settle on the best choice for her. Advocates require forward-thinking information on neighborhood and national laws overseeing ladies' pregnancy decisions, particularly concerning young people and their privileges to make such decisions.The tie between constrained premature birth and emotional wellness is no more connected with mental threat than conveying an undesirable pregnancy to term. Mental impacts of premature birth It was noticed that antagonistic passionate responses to the fetus removal are affected by previous mental conditions and other negative components and, besides, that prosperity was independently and emphatically identified with work, pay, and training, however adversely identified with complete number of youngsters. The sort of stress and the measure of pressure ladies experience differs from culture to culture.Emotional misery may happen in a dominant part of ladies who are mulling over or have had a premature birth because of various elements, including prior psychological well-being issues, the status of the lady's relationship with her accomplice, poor monetary status, poor interpersonal organization, or moderate perspectives hung on fetus removal. The term â€Å"post-premature birth syndrome† was utilized as it was expressed that it had been watched post-awful pressure issue which created in light of the pressure of abortion.While a few examinations have demonstrated a connection among's fetus removal and clinical sadness, tension, self-destructive practices, or unfriendly consequences for ladies' sexual capacities for few ladies, these relationships might be clarified by prior social conditions and passionate wellbeing and different variables, for example, enthusiastic connection to the pregnancy, absence of help, and moderate perspectives on fetus removal, may improve the probability of encountering negative responses. P remature birth may mean a choice of ladies at higher hazard for self destruction in view of reasons like depression.The study presumed that contrasted with other ladies in the gathering the individuals who had a fetus removal were consequently bound to have â€Å"mental medical issues including discouragement, nervousness, self-destructive practices and substance use issue. 1. 1) Career Counseling Career decisions depend on coordinating individual qualities (inclination, capacities, assets, character) with work factors (wages and condition for progress. This structure contains three areas: an) Acquaintance with the fundamental necessities and states of accomplishment, positive and negative impacts, returns, openings, and prospects in various area’s of work.b) A genuine thinking of the relations of these two gatherings of realities 1. 2) Christian directing Christian guiding is completed by a certified instructor who maintains Christian morals esteems, convictions and theory. The joining component is the advisor, who has incorporated a mix of Christianity, brain research, and psychotherapy into the applied program. Counselees take a gander at Biblical direction and advising as an ideal relationship with a mindful guide coordinated toward expanded consciousness of themselves, others, the social orders and societies wherein they live, and their comprehension of the Christian God.The treatment may adopt a specially appointed strategy, concentrating basically on the treatment meeting itself. Customers might be increasingly OK with a Christian guide, and they may feel such an individual's recommendation is progressively touchy to their own or strict needs. A few customers additionally wish to utilize the Christian Bible as a kind of perspective for their advising meetings and treatment. 1. 3) Disciplinary advising A disciplinary guiding is a meeting or a gathering between a business and a worker or a manager and his/her lesser employee.It may concentrate and put more accentuation on a particular work place situation or in completing an exhibition examination. The directing procedure might be booked, started and executed by the chief and isn't viewed as disciplinary. It is led in extreme protection, and is proposed to have a helpful objective of giving input to the representative to address the issue. 1. 4) Pastoral mentoring Pastoral or Biblical mentoring is a part of treatment where appointed clergymen, rabbis, ministers and others give treatment services.These incorporate Marriage and Family Counselors. Peaceful guiding is basically a non-licensure. Counselees frequently won't pay for peaceful guiding of instructors without state permitting which is regularly equivalent with peaceful consideration that incorporate Christian Counselors, Clinical peaceful training.. 1. 5) Rehabilitation guiding This sort of advising takes enthusiasm on helping those with inabilities to accomplish their own, vocation, and autonomous living objectives th rough a directing process.Though instructive projects have started to show up, it isn't until the accessibility of satisfactory financing for recovery guiding projects that the calling started to develop and set up its own personality. 1. 6) Suicide mediation Counseling Suicide intercession is a push to stop or forestall people endeavoring or thinking about self destruction from slaughtering themselves. People who articulate the goal cause damage to self are routinely resolved to come up short on the present mental ability to decline treatment, and can be moved to a crisis office against their will.Medical guidance relating individuals who endeavor or consider self destruction is that they ought to promptly go or be taken to the closest crisis room, or crisis administrations ought to be called quickly by them or anybody mindful of the issue. Present day medication regards self destruction as a psychological wellness issue. As indicated by clinical practice, extreme self-destructive ideation, that is, not kidding examination or arranging of self destruction is a health related crisis and that the condition requires quick crisis clinical treatment. Those experiencing gloom are considered as high-chance gathering for self-destructive behavior.When misery is a main consideration, fruitful treatment of the downturn for the most part prompts the vanishing of self-destructive musings. Nonetheless, clinical treatment of sorrow isn't generally effective, and long lasting despondency can add to repeating self destruction endeavors. 1. 7) Career Counseling A vocation was at first taken as a course of progressive circumstances that make up an individual's work life. One can have a wearing, melodic or some other without being a genuine expert competitor or performer, yet most as often as possible â€Å"career† in the twentieth century referenced the arrangement of employments or positions by which one earned one's money.Career Assessments are tests that arrive in an assortment of structures and depend on both quantitative and subjective techniques and causes people to recognize and better expressive their special advantages, qualities, and abilities. These sort of counsels assesses significant interests, qualities and abilities, of the customer and furthermore assist them with investigating vocation alternatives and research graduate and expert schools. This field is huge and incorporates vocation arrangement, profession arranging, learning procedures and understudy development.Typically when individuals desire profession advising they know precisely what they need to escape the procedure, however are uncertain about how it will function Career advocates work with individuals from varying backgrounds, for example, young people hoping to investigate vocation choices or with experienced experts searching for a lifelong change. Profession guides typically have brain science, professional brain research, or mechanical/hierarchical setting. The met hodology of vocation guiding changes by expert, however for the most part they incorporate the fruition of at least one appraisals. 1.8 Credit advising It is otherwise called obligation directing. This is a procedure offering training to customers about how to abstain from causing obligations that can't be reimbursed. This procedure is in reality more obligation guiding than an element of credit training. This sort advising includes talking about with loan specialists in discovering an obligation the executives plan (DMP) for a buyer. A DMP may enable the indebted person to reimburse their obligation by working out a reimbursement plan with

The Ethics of Hacking

Presentation Modifying PC equipment and programming with a target other than the first motivation behind the maker establishes PC hacking. In PC organizing, hacking likewise implies controlling system connections.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Ethics of Hacking explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most PC programmers are self-educated, however they have master level abilities in various programming dialects. Albeit an impressive number of programmers are driven by ulterior thought processes, many utilize their abilities to tackle issues. A few partnerships enlist programmers to join their specialized staff. Their responsibility is to discover vulnerabilities in the company’s security framework for fix up before programmers with ulterior thought processes find the imperfections and adventure them (Computer Hacking, n.d.). Hacking abilities can, consequently, be utilized to forestall PC related violations, for example, data fraud. In s pite of the fact that hacking cam be utilized for acceptable, the term is these days related with vindictive assaults on the web and different systems. Programmers use contents which are utilized to control information in a system association with increase wanted data. There are many prepared contents accessible online that can be utilized by unpracticed programmers. Experienced programmers can change the contents to concoct new techniques for assaulting system associations. While hacking can not be right in numerous occasions, it is as yet supportive. The central issue is in the case of doing what can be viewed as off-base by gatherings, for example, organizations is as yet moral when the very activities help others, particularly the customers. History of hacking Early programmers as we comprehend them today can be followed to 1960s. They were fundamentally PC specialists just keen on altering projects to make them work better. In most of cases, the alterations created by them were superior to existing frameworks. UNIX working framework was a hack item by Dennis Ritchie and Keith Thomson (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.).Advertising Looking for exposition on software engineering? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1970, another sort of programmer called â€Å"phreakers† rose who focused phone frameworks solely. They misused the exchanging system of the phone framework to make significant distance calls for nothing. 1980s was the defining moment in the historical backdrop of hacking. Acquaintance of PCs drove with the expansion in the quantity of programmers just as programmer targets were broadened. Utilization of modems extended programmers reach to incorporate many individuals. During this time, hacker’s reasoning changed from amiable investigation to the interest for individual addition. This rising variety of programmers comprised of youngsters who were not happy with the old prog rammer reasoning of opportunity and innovation. Starting 1990s, another sort of programmers, who were not the same as prior programmers, rose and was set on utilizing their insight to accomplish criminal parts of the bargains (Hacking | Jonathan Zdziarski’s Domain, n.d.). They were engaged with acts, for example, pilfering and conveying restrictive programming, infection, games, and so forth. Programmers even framed online posses whose crucial to taking touchy and other ordered data. This new improvement prompted section of laws that identified with hacking. One such law was passed in 1986. The law condemned messing with a PC with the aim to procure different people’s individual data. Hacking and splitting To the vast majority, what they know as hacking is in certainty breaking. Splitting is utilized to depict assaults on a PC organize for egotistical or malevolent objectives. Hacking applies to organize control for valuable purposes. The two terms are, nonetheless, ut ilized reciprocally by numerous individuals outside the universe of academia.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Ethics of Hacking explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Common hacking strategies Hackers misuse shortcomings in a framework which incorporates the accompanying: Poor design of web servers Poor security controls Bugs in programming Default secret key Poor decision secret key Other than utilization of contents in hackings, unapproved access of PC remotely should be possible utilizing PC worms and disavowal of administration (DoS) assaults (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.). Poor design and security control empower programmers to associate utilizing unbound WAPs. Multifaceted nature of programming frameworks makes it incomprehensible for designers to anticipate or mimic how the product would carry on if the source code was somewhat adjusted. A talented programmer can get intriguing outcomes by meddling with source code. Purposes beh ind moral Hacking has as of late become a major issue. Huge enterprises and government offices have borne the brunt of these assaults. Every one of these cases, the rationale of aggressors was to take data for individual addition. Moral hacking has created as a strategy for resistance against hacking. Moral programmers are security experts who use hacking abilities to find vulnerabilities for fixing before they are uncovered and misused by deceptive programmers (Mathew, 2003). Numerous huge enterprises, government offices, and instructive foundations hold significant data which whenever traded off, would prompt either loss of cash, notoriety, or significant security data. Thus, thinking about the stakes, associations are eager to go the entire hoard to ensure their information. As an ever increasing number of enterprises receive IT as an indispensable piece of their activity, moral hacking will turn out to be significantly progressively significant (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d. ). Furthermore, it is anticipated that digital assaults will keep on expanding sooner rather than later. Enterprises these days need to fight with examination radiating from administrative techniques and dread for outrages, for example, the Enron fiasco (Harper, 2011). Accordingly, ensuring data resources is viewed as significant and most organizations find a way to establish defensive measures. Keeping up privacy is, consequently, of principal importance.Advertising Searching for exposition on software engineering? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In this present reality where assaults can happen whenever, the abilities of a moral programmer can be helpful. The Ethics of hacking In the early long periods of communication, organizations, for example, ATT were making gigantic benefits by cheating shoppers for calls and related types of gear. Through enactment, whenever was, for example, illicit to connect a hardware not made by ATT. This gave the organization imposing business model and sustained its strength into the market. These days, it may not be feasible for partnerships to keep up gigantic benefits through draconian laws. Unusual benefits can in any case be kept up through utilization of Digital Rights Management (DRM). Utilizing DRM, organizations can bolt out highlights to smother rivalry. Hacking such gadgets helps in getting to bolted highlights and hold producers in line. In 1960s, ATT utilized enactment to keep outsiders from connecting hardware other than their own into the telephone jacks. Had the organization uti lized innovation rather, individuals would have, most likely, hacked telephone jacks to permit outsider associations. Thinking back, such sort of hacking could have empowered individuals to make calls at a less expensive cost, however in those days, their activities could have been inadmissible to ATT, as they would lose income. In such a situation, the moral inquiry is this: between the programmer and the organization cheating buyers, who isn't right and who is correct? The programmer would have helped clients from misuse, yet such activities seem corrupt. The Digital Millennium Act permits purchasers to: Unlock their telephones Fix vulnerabilities Undertake specialized research This has unraveled the moral difficulty about in the case of hacking to take care of a specialized issue presenting the client to threat is ethically right. The legislature permits companies to bolt gadgets yet in addition to open as long as the aim is acceptable. Organizations typically lock cell phones to a specific system and sell the equivalent at sponsored cost. Along these lines, organizations sell more units and furthermore win incomes from administration contracts. Moral hacking is near analytical news coverage. A moral programmer gangs specialized aptitudes to change the capacity of a framework, however has the control to so for ethically right reasons. This programmer accomplishes something other than look for reality; he likewise makes a move to address wrongs or vulnerabilities. The moral test is to separate between burglary of administrations and corporate eagerness. A genuine case of corporate avarice is the place a telephone maker may, for instance, handicap a capacity and later charge clients to reactivate it. Thinking about increment in corporate avarice, morals of hacking requests that impediments that the producer of a gadget may force be totally supported. On the off chance that that isn't the situation, a programmer maybe has the option to re-empower such highligh ts that were debilitated with the expectation of misusing the client. The significant inquiry a programmer needs to consider before hacking is whether a company is picking up by giving certain usefulness or by confining it. On the off chance that this inquiry can't be replied, it is difficult to figure out who is taking from whom. Programmers are significant in light of the fact that what they do uncover specialized subtleties that others can use to make comparative or better items. In doing as such, they are keeping up solid rivalry which free enterprise depends to stay sound. As prior noted, hacking can obviously help improve gadgets. At the point when apple iphone was discharged in 2007, it was a moment hit available. The hacking network began to take a shot at it to grow the usefulness of the gadget with the goal that outsider applications can introduce and run. After a brief timeframe, programmer network built up a compiler and numerous applications to run on iphones.

Network managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

System managment - Essay Example r down; today execution the board has become a urgent piece of the IT groups job which achieves a large group of difficulties - particularly for worldwide associations. MAN: Metropolitan Area Network, an information arrange intended for a town or city. As far as geographic broadness, MANs are bigger than neighborhood (LANs), yet littler than wide-region systems (WANs). Keeps an eye on are normally described by extremely rapid associations utilizing fiber optical link or other computerized media. A MAN is improved for a bigger topographical region than is a LAN, extending from a few squares of structures to whole urban communities. Keeps an eye on can likewise rely upon correspondences channels of moderate-to-high information rates. A MAN may be claimed and worked by a solitary association, however it for the most part will be utilized by numerous people and associations. Keeps an eye on might likewise be claimed and worked as open utilities. They will regularly give intends to internetworking of nearby systems. Metropolitan territory systems can length up to 50km, gadgets utilized are modem and wire/link A few advances utilized for this object are ATM, FDDI, and SMDS. These more seasoned innovations are being dislodged by Ethernet-based MANs (for example Metro Ethernet) in many zones. MAN connects between LANs have been worked without links utilizing either microwave, radio, or infra-red laser joins. DQDB, Distributed Queue Dual Bus, is the Metropolitan Area Network standard for information correspondence. It is determined in the IEEE 802.6 norm. Utilizing DQDB, systems can be up to 30 miles in length and work at paces of 34 to 155 Mbit/s. MAN received innovations from both LAN and WAN to fill its need. Some heritage advancements utilized for MAN are ATM, FDDI, DQDB and SMDS. These more seasoned innovations are being uprooted by Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. At the physical level, MAN interfaces between LANs have been based on fiber optical links or utilizing remote advancements, for example, microwave or radio. The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) forms a

Critical Appraisal of Cossette, Frasure-Smith, Dupuis - 5225 Words

Critical Appraisal of Cossette, Frasure-Smith, Dupuis (Essay Sample) Content: Critical Appraisal of Cossette, Frasure-Smith, Dupuis, Juneau and Guertinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s StudyStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutional AffiliationIntroductionThe researchers have expressed the aim of the study in a clear and concise way. In this case, the aim of the study is to determine if nursing engagement focusing on individual opinion of patients with critical coronary syndromes of their disorder and diagnosis would raise rehabilitation admissions. Specifically, the study hypothesized that efficient Coronary Care Unit (CCU) changes nursing engagement into rehabilitation admission within six weeks after a patient suffering from critical coronary syndromes was admitted in the hospital. Cardiac disorders have been described as the main cause of deaths along with hospitalization in developed nations. Moreover, cardiac disorders have been established to be the main contributor to hospital admissions and the cause of most deaths. In the United States, these diseases continue eroding the quality of American life. In fact, more than five million people across the United States suffer from these illnesses, which made this field necessary to study. The researcher also introduces the fact that cardiac rehabilitation is important in order to insure reduction of duration of hospitalization. Moreover, it increases patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s chances of survival. The definition of research purpose is clearly indicating that there existed lack of sufficient evidence for the factors that could trigger rehabilitation. The purpose of the survey was also to offer enough information on the ordinary care that can be used to examine if the referral to rehabilitation was standard. The study purpose that was illustrated was practical considering the skills of the authors, all subjects involved and equipment presented along with the ethical standards illustrated by the subjects (Arthur et al., 2010).It is evident from the study that the researchers substantially accomplished the problem definition for this research. They clearly state the problem as; low rehabilitation enrollment despite its significance to acute coronary syndrome patients. However, while examining the research problem, it becomes evident that it ought to have been reinforced and explained strongly by associating the independent determinants of hospitalized patients suffering from acute coronary syndromes with rehabilitation enrollment. Moreover, the inferred discussion concerns the idea that there is the element of RCTs determining the influence of interventions on rehabilitation (French, Cooper, Weinman, 2006). Generally, when reading the article, the research question was evident owing to clearly outlined aims and objectives as well as the fact that authors explained the importance of completing this study. That makes the problem of the study appear a bit weak, especially due to the fact that it failed to link the independent variables.Literature ReviewThe use of randomized controlled t rials was a fundamental part of this study since it increased the rehabilitation enrollment. The study can be moved within other nations and settings due to the evidence that it can be applied to numerous situations where rehabilitation enrollment was required. Researchers have admitted the limitations of the work and opine that it is necessary to conduct further researches with larger sample sizes. Even though the steps taken to guarantee credibility were insufficient, results presented were detailed and described appropriately using quotes from all participants. The research states that "results should include the participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actual words rather than summaries of what was said" (Cossette, Frasure-Smith, Dupuis, Juneau, Guertin, 2012). The literature is arranged systematically in order to show the development and a clear way of that research. The use of 67 countries with over 597 randomized patients having been hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes is a clear indi cation that the research was detailed and the topic was widely covered.According to Arthur et al. (2010), a complete summary of the background should demonstrate what is known about the issue and determine insufficiency of knowledge with regard to it. The research did not find any difference between the controls and experimental groups, while the secondary results indicated a higher level of patients undergoing at least a single course of rehabilitation. If patients had attended more rehabilitation sessions, probably a variation would have been noted in the controls and experimental groups in both results. Another demerit of the work is the excessive reliance on empirical literature. If the scholars utilized more theoretical literature, more up-to-date research would have been found, expanding the knowledge base (French et al., 2006). It was also difficult to comprehend whether the increase in admission was a result of liaison component or referral because there was no report.Method ologyThe major strengths of this section is that there was no systematic biasness and the research followed the research conduct guidelines because eligible patients consented by signing a form as well as filling a baseline questionnaire. In addition, the qualitative descriptive method which examines the phenomenon was best suited to the study as the aim was to examine rehabilitation enrollment of patients with acute coronary syndromes at the CCU or a hospital ward of critical cardiac hospital intervention. The reliability of the participants is also well-established in this research due to their proximity to the hospital, namely the distance of at least 50 meters. In that case, the techniques that were applied in measuring are well-established and easily applicable in interventions and ratio determination. Moreover, the processes of testing and reliability measurement are well-presented due to the use of the examination methods. The application of self-regulation model of Leventhal was critical in this research as it proposes techniques that illustrate behavioral alterations in relation to the cardiovascular risk element management (Arthur et al., 2010). The theory also reinforced the second outcomes which included illness perceptions, family support, and anxiety level as well as medication adherence which the theory proposes.However, the study showed some weaknesses like the inadequate sample size of 242 participants which raises doubts whether the results attained from the research are trustworthy since the study only targeted a small group of patients who fitted under the peculiar inclusion criteria implying that the end application will be based on mere generalization. Moreover, there are weaknesses relating to inclusion and exclusion criteria which were somehow contradicting and unclear. For instance, in the eligibility criteria section, the researchers indicated in the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ section that those who were to qualify as participants should not be unable to speak French or English which was confusing since there was no explanation as to the base of such eligibility criteria. It is also complex to examine the reliability of the measurement methods that were used in this research process. That means that major conclusive statements would appear invalid in case the authors failed to determine whether the study adhered to all norms and satisfied all requirements. Initially, the authors had insured that all standards of research were followed through repetition of measures within the research process. However, the first and second results match and are related, which strengthens the level of confidence in the presented measurements. In fact, reliability and validity of research require serious consideration in order to determine if the major instruments used for research met the desired criteria throughout the study process (Williams, O'Connor, Grubb, O'Carroll, 2011).FrameworkThe study has a definite framework that appli es various theories appropriately. The self-regulation theory of Leventhal is used to describe the changes in behavior that are beyond cardiovascular risk factor management; it implies that emotional as well as cognitive processes dictate the illness perception and consequently the state of action during illness. On the other hand, the concept of planned character was applied in the letters sent to the patients, which were composed of sentences aimed at improving the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ perceived control, stressing the subjective state and improving certain feelings towards the practice of rehabilitation enrollment. According to French et al. (2006), the use of an appropriate framework can make a research study more effective and useful. The main aims of this study are linked to the theory that is quite evident in this research, especially in framework illustration, variables expression and the entire study design. It is closely connected to the rehabilitation referral explained wit hin the research, including empirically verified methods to reduce the time a patient with cardiovascular diseases is hospitalized (Hackam et al., 2010).In this study, the practical definitions of all determinants are well-expressed and defined despite the fact that more articulated and conceptual illustrations would have strengthened it to the greater extent. The lack of more clearly articulated definitions, therefore, makes it difficult to intertwine the concept with many variables used in form of controlling data along with making it complex to follow the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ concepts ranging from the concept of self-efficacy to the entire formation of the research (Mosleh, Kiger, Campbell, 2009). Consequently, that leaves the reader with several questions such as what concepts refer to since they have not been well- articulated in the study.Objectives, Questions, HypothesesThe scientists proposed a hypothesis that "the experimenta...

Coca - Cola Background, Management, Competitive Advantage - 1925 Words

Coca - Cola: Background, Management, Competitive Advantage (Essay Sample) Content: NameAffiliationDateOverview of the CompanyThe Coca-Cola Company is a leading Company in the World Manufacturing nonalcoholic beverages and has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. It was found back in the year 1889 by John Stith Pemberton who was a prominent Pharmacist. John later sold the Companys brand and formula to Asa Griggs Candler in the year 1889. Since then, the Company has remained under an active management which is admired by many. The active management is evident from the continuous growth of Coca-Cola whereby each year; the Company grows stronger and stronger acquiring some Companies such as Minute Maid, Odwalla, and ZICO. Coca-Cola manufactures a syrup concentrate which has quite a high demand across the world. There are quite some Companies across the World producing similar products, but the demand for their products cannot be in any way compared to that of the Coca-Cola; that of Coca-Cola is quite high. The company has dealers virtually in every Cou ntry across the world that receives their products and distribute to the large customer base. They use some exclusive vendor partnerships to ensure that they maintain the legal ownership of their brand. Due to a well-formed marketing and distribution strategies, the Company makes huge profits making it one of the leading Companies making very high profits in the World.ManagementThe Company has an active management led by Muhter Kent who is the Chief Executive Officer. Kent is well known for his strong values and a firm commitment to maintaining the legacy of the Coca-Cola brand. Over the years, the management has evolved to ensure that the Company maintains a well-organized team which makes it possible for them to have a continuous growth and an increasing profit not forgetting to keep a high-quality service for the consumers. Today, the Company has five main groups with each cluster under its leader referred to as the President. The President has the overall role of overseeing smoo th operations of his team. The President must be responsible, and he is under the control of the Chief executive officer of the Company. These groups include the Asia Pacific group which is led by John Murphy. The second group is the European, Middle East and African group which is led by Brian J Smith. Latin America is the third team which is led by Alfredo Rivera. The North America team is the fourth group being led by Alexander M. the last group is the bottling investment group which is led by Irial Finan. Each group has several managerial departments with each department having its leader who is answerable to the overall team leader. This structure is outstanding since it has seen Coca-Cola develop tremendously over the years.Operating segmentsThe Company has six operating segments across the world. These sections incorporate the parts as mentioned above, under the management discussion, with one additional section of Eurasia and Africa. These components include all the consolid ated and the Company-owned bottling operations. They exclude bottling operations by in the North America which is under the management of the Coca-Cola refreshment. The North America segment has a broad market segment thereby having the highest operating revenues. The Eurasia-Africa segment has the least operating earnings and something which can be related to its low operating income which is the second lowest. The segment with the lowest operating income is the bottling investments. Some of these segments have a different way of getting revenues when compared to the overall way through which the Company gets its revenue. For instance, the North American division gets most of its income from the sales of the already finished beverages while the Companys overall operations generate revenue through the manufacture and selling of syrups and beverage concentrates. These are the processes which make quite a high service margins as compared to the bottling and the finished syrup operatio ns. The Company mainly operates in segments so as to establish a separate internal organization for all consolidated and unconsolidated bottling investments.Products and brandsThe Company primarily deals with soft the selling of soft drinks. Its the biggest and most popular Company selling soft drinks across the world. The first brand of the Company is a soft drink referred as the Coca-Cola. It is one of the Companys brands which have a very broad customer base. Many people across the world prefer this brand over others. It was introduced at the beginning of the Company in the year 1886. In the year 1946, the Company launched another soft drink referred to as Fanta. Fanta is also a highly accepted brand with many people across the World taking a bottle of it quite often. Another renowned brand of Coca-Cola is Sprite. Its a soft drink with a great lemon taste and is consumed by many people across the world. The Company has also highly distilled water which is distributed in many coun tries in the World. The Companys packed water has a name Dasani, and it has a very fresh taste. Another product by Coca-Cola is a juice referred as to the Minute Maid. It is an acquired product from the Florida Foods Company back in the year 1960. It is the first product to be produced by Coca Cola outside their traditional production of soft drinks. Other products by the Coca-Cola Company include Powerade Zero, Powerade, Glaceau Vitamin water, Honest Tea, Del Vale, Glaceau Smart water, Mello Yello, Fuze, Fuze Tea, Odwalla, and Ciel. All this are high-quality products with a very fulfilling taste. Many people across the world prefer these products over those made by different products because of their great taste.Target marketCoca-Cola has manufactured various products that target various groups of people regarding age, ethnicity, gender and even lifestyle. Each product of the Company targets a particular group of the people. To start with the Coca-Cola product- Odwalla- which is ju ice with fruits flavor targets middle-aged adults across the world aged between thirty and fifty years. The product is made up of milk that has a taste which many adults would prefer. The Minute Maid targets both adults and children. Its a takeaway product which is very convenient for someone who is traveling. It mainly targets those consumers who prefer a beverage with a great taste and healthy too. The first product of the Company which is the Coca-Cola soft drink has been made with many different materials to make different brands but still maintaining the same basic taste. This is something which has greatly enlarged the target market. The Company also has those products which target specific countries. An example is the Real Gold which targets the people of Japan. It is an energy booster and mainly used by those who are at work. There are those products that target specific groups of individuals such as the Athletes. All the products of Coca-Cola are made carefully to ensure th at many consumers are pleased and satisfied something which guarantees a continued demand for the Companys products.Distribution systemBeing an international Company, Coca-cola has made significant efforts to ensure that their highly requested products reach to the consumers. The efforts are evident since the Company has localized most of its products something which only a few Companies across the world have managed to achieve. To achieve this, the Company has over two hundred and fifty distribution partners. The partnership is governed by strict legal departments across the world so as to protect the brand. Coca-Cola manufactures its products in Georgia, where it is located and distributes those products to various bottling operators across the globe. Only those partners who are strictly regulated have the sole right to manufacture and pack and distribute those packed products directly to the consumers and the vendors. The vendors are partners who purchase the products and sells d irectly to the customers at a profit. All the Coca colas bottling partners have the responsibility of working hand in hand with the supplier stores, shops, and restaurants so as to ensure that the distribution is fully localized. This strategy by Coca-cola is very efficient as it ensures that products dont have to be transported for long distances. This makes the approach not only very convenient but also cheaper as compared to other distribution strategies.Marketing strategyCoca-Cola uses very brilliant ideas and strategies to...

German Herbs and Spices Glossary

When you are cooking or dining in a German-speaking country, you will want to know the words for herbs, spices, and seasonings. Explore these two lists. First, a German-English list and then an English-German list. German-English Herbs and Spices Glossary Key:Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) Ar Anis anise Bs Basilikum basilr Beifuß mugwortr Bockshornklee fenugreeks Bohnenkraut savory n.r Boretsch boragee Brunnenkresse watercresss Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut purslane Cr Cardamom/Kardamom cardamom, cardamonCayenne-Pfeffer cayenne pepperr Coriander cilantro (coriander)r Cumin cumine Curcuma/Kurkuma turmericr/s Curry curry Dr Dill dill Ee Edelraute ruer Estragon tarragon Fr Fenchel fennelr Fencheltee fennel tea Ge Gartenkresse nasturtiume Gelbwurz turmerice Gewà ¼rznelke (-n) clove(s) Hr Holunder eldere Holunderbeere elderberryHopfen (pl) hops Ir Ingwer ginger Ke Kamille camomile, chamomileKapern (pl) capersr Kapuziner nasturtiume Kapuzinerkresse nasturtiumr Kerbel chervilr Knoblauch garlicr Koriander cilantro, corianders Kraut herb   Krà ¤uter (pl) herbse Krà ¤uterbutter herb butterr Krà ¤uterlikà ¶r herbal liqueurr Krà ¤utertee herb(al) teae Kresse cressr Kreuzkà ¼mmel cuminr Kà ¼mmel caraway (seed)r Kà ¼rbissamen pumpkin seede Kurkuma turmeric Lr Lauch (-e) leek(s), alliumr/s Liebstà ¶ckel lovages Là ¶ffelkraut common scurvygrasss Lorbeerblatt bay leafLorbeerblà ¤tter (pl) bay leaves Mr Majoran majoram, majoran, marjoramr Majoran sweet majoram, knotted majoramr Meerrettich horseradishe Minze mintr Mohn poppy (seed)e Muskatnuss nutmeg Ne Nelke (-n) clove(s)r Nelkenpfeffer allspice (berries of the pimento tree) Or Oregano oregano Pr Paprika paprikae Paprikaschote pimentoe Peperoni chili pepper, peperoni (spice)e Petersilie parsleyr Pfeffer peppers Pfefferkorn (-kà ¶rner) peppercorn(s)e Pfefferminze peppermintr Piment allspice (berries of the pimento tree)r Porree (-s) leek(s), alliumr Portulak, s Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut purslaner Puderzucker powdered sugar Rr Rosmarin rosemary Sr Safran saffronr/e Salbei sagee Schale peel (orange, lemon)r/e Schickoree chicoryr Schnittlauch chivesr Selleriesamen (-) celery seed(s)r Senf mustardSenfkà ¶rner (pl) mustard seedr Sesam sesames Steinkraut stonecrop Tr Thymian thymee Tripmadam, s Steinkraut stonecrop Ve Vanillestange vanilla podr Vanillezucker vanilla-flavored sugar We Wacholderbeere juniper berryWacholderbeeren (pl) juniper berriesr Waldmeister woodruffe Wegwarte chicorye Weinraute ruer Wermut (seasoning) wormwoodr Wermut (herbal liqueur) vermouths Wurstkraut, r Majoran sweet majoram, knotted majoramwà ¼rzen v. to season, add seasoning/spices Yr Ysop hyssop Ze Zichorie (in coffee) chicoryr Zimt cinnamone Zitronenmelisse lemon balme Zitronenschale (-n) lemon peel(s)r Zwiebel onion    English-German Herbs and Spices Glossary Key:Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) Aallspice (berries of pimento tree) r Nelkenpfeffer, r Pimentanise r Anis Bbasil s Basilikumbay leaf s Lorbeerblattbay leaves Lorbeerblà ¤tter (pl)borage r Boretsch Ccamomile, chamomile e Kamillecapers Kapern (pl)caraway (seed) r Kà ¼mmelcardamom, cardamon Kardamom, Cardamomcayenne pepper Cayenne-Pfeffercelery seed(s) r Selleriesamen (-)chervil r Kerbelchicory e Wegwarte, r/e Schickoree, e Zichorie (in coffee)chili pepper e Peperonichives r Schnittlauchcilantro (coriander) r Koriandercinnamon r Zimtclove(s) e Nelke (-n), e Gewà ¼rznelke (-n)common scurvygrass s Là ¶ffelkrautcoriander r Coriander/Koriandercress e Kresse/Brunnenkressecumin r Cumin, r Kreuzkà ¼mmelcurry r/s Curry Ddill r Dill Eelder r Holunderelderberry e Holunderbeere Ffennel r Fenchelfennel tea r Fenchelteefenugreek r Bockshornklee Ggarlic r Knoblauchginger r Ingwer Hhops Hopfen (pl)horseradish r Meerrettichhyssop r Ysop Jjuniper berry e Wacholderbeerejuniper berries Wacholderbeeren (pl) Lleek(s), allium r Lauch (-e), r Porree (-s)lemon balm e Zitronenmelisselemon peel(s) e Zitronenschale (-n)lovage r/s Liebstà ¶ckel Mmajoram, majoran, marjoram r Majoranmint e Minzemugwort r Beifußmustard r Senfmustard seed Senfkà ¶rner (pl) Nnasturtium e Gartenkresse, r Kapuziner, e Kapuzinerkressenutmeg e Muskatnuss Oonion r Zwiebeloregano r Oregano Ppaprika r Paprikaparsley e Petersiliepeel (orange, lemon) e Schalepeperoni, chili pepper e Peperonipeperoni, chili pepper r Paprika (Switz.)pepper r Pfefferpeppercorn s Pfefferkorn (-kà ¶rner)peppermint e Pfefferminzepimento e Paprikaschotepoppy (seed) r Mohnpowdered sugar r Puderzuckerpumpkin seed r Kà ¼rbissamenpurslane r Portulak, s Bà ¼rzelkraut/Purzelkraut Rrosemary r Rosmarinrue e Weinraute, e Edelraute Ssaffron r Safransage r/e Salbeisavory n. s Bohnenkrautseason, add seasoning/spices v. wà ¼rzensesame seeds Sesamkà ¶rner (pl), r Sesamstonecrop e Tripmadam, s Steinkrautsweet majoram, knotted majoram s Wurstkraut, r Majoran Ttarragon r Estragonthyme r Thymianturmeric e Curcuma/Kurkuma, e Gelbwurz Vvanilla-flavored sugar r Vanillezuckervanilla pod e Vanillestangevermouth r Wermut (herbal liqueur) Wwatercress e Brunnenkressewoodruff r Waldmeisterwormwood r Wermut (seasoning)

Windows Sql Server Database Design And Optimization Essay

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Disk space capacity: - Storage requirement depends like how much space is already being used by the database data files and how much more should be added for transaction log files, portion of tempdb that helps in database activities and full text index or reorganisation of index. Disk throughput capacity: - Storage requirement can be known by the access of I/O rate according to the database requirement. The IOPS and space capacity is inversely proportional to each other. Hence the disk capacity isn’t going to go up if the I/O operation per second goes up. 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The Help By Kathryn Stockett - 1489 Words

The Help written by Kathryn Stockett takes place during the 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi where Stockett grew up. Stockett takes inspiration from the segregation witnessed in her hometown and the African American maid Demetrie, with whom she grew up with, to write a passionate yet controversial novel in which she depicts the struggle between whites and blacks along with the emotional struggle that the main characters endure throughout the novel. The Help has been widely renowned, yet disputable, as Stockett uses the different aspects of life in the south that she grew up with to write a fictional yet realistic account of segregation during the period of the Civil Rights Movement. The Help is told from the perspectives of three different†¦show more content†¦Stockett’s main purpose for writing The Help was to portray the difficult situation of the segregated south, and to write about â€Å"the affection between a black person and a white one in the unequal world of segregation† (Newsmakers 1). Stockett began to write the novel after the 9-11 attacks as in â€Å"that moment of fear generated by the terrorist attacks in New York, Stockett began to write for comfort† (Newsmakers 1). Not only did she write The Help as a means of describing the life she grew up in, but she also wrote it as a means of finding consolation during rough times in the U.S. Stockett is able to successfully reach her audience by using Demetrie as a means of inspiration for Aibileen and Minny, and by giving the readers a firsthand account of the segregation in the 1960s from the experiences in her own life. She adeptly is able to â€Å"locate racist behavior i n the most ignoble characters†, while also being able to â€Å"sentimentalize relationships between black workers and their white employers† (Smith 26). Stockett uses the character of Skeeter to bridge the relationships between whites and blacks by drawing on Skeeter’s aspirations as a writer with â€Å"ideas [she] thought [were] worthy journalism material† and the relationship she had with her former maid Constantine (Stockett 72). Skeeter was very close with Constantine, and Stockett goes above

Throughout The Novels, Pride And Prejudice And Frankenstein,

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A Handbook of Management and Leadership A Guide to Managing for Resul

Question: Describe about A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results? Answer: Introduction Employees have always been referred to as the most valuable assets of an organisation(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). They put in endless efforts everyday in order to ensure that organisations decisions are transformed into actions which help achieving desired goals and performance objectives. They are regarded as an unsurpassed vital resource for an organisation and the issues related to their motivation have been seen as a indispensable part of the human resource strategies (Hossain Hossian, 2012). Motivation can be defined as the force which acts within an individuals and makes him decide to behave in a specific, goal oriented manner(Herzberg, et al., 2011). Motivation refers to the motives of the employees that determine their productivity thus it is essential to ensure that employee motivation is channelized in a manner that help achieving organisational goals(Adair, 2009). In order to remain competitive in todays dynamic marketplace organisations must ensure that they are a ttracting talented employees and have strategies to retain them, they must allow and facilitate employees to perform tasks for which they were hired and must stimulate and encourage employee to think beyond their routine jobs and realise their full potential and creativity while focusing on innovation. Problem This report aims at studying the lack of motivation faced by employees at McDonalds and how it is affecting their overall effectiveness and efficiency. Due to low motivation and a lack of job satisfaction employees at McDonalds do not consider their jobs as a means of long-term career growth (Nawaz, 2011). They just come to workplace to earn their living and are hardly interested in the growth of the organisation. Many of long term McDonalds employees have claimed that they do not feel motivated nor are provided enough opportunities to use their creativity and do things differently. They feel a lack of learning and thus see no growth in this sector. Due to all these factors McDonalds is being recognised as a company that witnesses highest employee turnover (Nawaz, 2011). Employees who are de-motivated tend to lack commitment and put in less effort. Standards of customer service are also affected adversely when employees experience lack of motivation and thus job satisfaction. It has been noted that employees who are happy and satisfied tend to enhance customer service experience. As it is said one cannot make others happy when one is happy inside. Founded in year 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald, McDonalds Corporation today is recognised as the worlds largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants (McDonald's, 2015). McDonalds has around 35,000 outlets in 119 countries from where they serve around 68 million customers every day. With 1.9 million employees working either for franchises or actual corporation McDonalds has become the worlds second largest private employer. This report analyses the employee motivation issues faced by some of the McDonalds in UK. In-spite of being a big brand in the fast food industry McDonalds still commit the same fault as performed by other fast food companies. Like every other fast food company McDonalds too offer McJobs to their employees. McJob is a term used to define a type of job generally related to retail or service industry that are low paid and does not demand specific skills and qualifications (Nawaz, 2011). These types of jobs experience high employee turnover mainly due to lack of motivation. Such type of jobs fails to satisfy the basic needs of the employees thus they are not at all influenced to stick with them for long time. Some of the main reasons that have lead to the decrease in employee motivation are; Managers at McDonalds apply Taylors scientific theory according to which in order to achieve maximum output from employees they must be supervised closely and should be made to work under pressure (Hossain Hossian, 2012). Poor employer-employee relations, less rewards, lack of learning and low wages are some of reasons for employee de-motivation as well (Nawaz, 2011). Monotonous nature of job wherein employees are directed how to carry out their day to day operations and are not expected to use their creativity. Employees at some of the McDonalds also face problems related to micromanagement wherein they are not involved in decision making process and are informed that their capabilities are not trusted owing to which employees show disengagement and feel highly de-motivated. There is lack of effective communication which leads to uncertainty and insecurity. After employees have completed 2-3 years in the job they start feeling insecure as they know the company can terminate them anytime as they can easily find cheap labor to get the same job done. This fact does not encourage employee to plan their long-term career with companies like McDonalds. McDonalds in order to keep their operations cost minimum so that they can offer cost advantage to their customers generally fail at meeting the basic needs of its employee which is leads to employee de-motivation. All these factors have adverse affects on employee motivation at McDonalds leading to reduced productivity and performance effectiveness. Employees are not committed to their jobs thus do not take too many pains to ensure customers are provided with high quality services. It is high time McDonalds must make necessary changes and implement motivational approaches and theories to increase employee motivation which in turn will ensure desired organisational goals are achieved. Method There are a number of motivational theories, concepts and models that can be implemented by McDonalds in order to increase employee motivation and ensure high productivity and quality performance. One of primary motivational principle defines performance as a function of individuals ability and motivation (Mullins, 2011). This can be represented by the formula stated below: Performance = f (ability * motivation) Ability in this case includes an individuals inherited talented as well as learned competencies which are used to perform goal oriented tasks (Mukherjee, 2005). In order to understand and implement various motivational theories and approaches it is essential to understand the motivational process which is divided into six core phases namely; identifying individual needs, finding ways to satisfy those needs, employees are made to select goal-directed behaviours, employee starts performing, employee is either rewarded or punished based on their performance and lastly employee receives feedback based on which he redefines his need deficiencies (Jr, 2005). Motivation is goal oriented wherein a goal represents something that is desired by an individual. There are a number of sources of motivation which can be broadly classified into two broad categories namely; intrinsic and extrinsic sources (Fox, 2007). Intrinsic motivated behaviour is reinforcement of behaviour that forces an individual to find a job and then feel the job is interesting. Extrinsic sources of motivation refer to the external sources such as rewards and recognitions (Miner, 2005). Content theories and process theories are the two broad categories into which several theories of motivation have been divided (Kitchin, 2010). Motivational theories help identifying factors that affect human behaviours in different ways. Content Theories As stated by content theories of motivation all individuals have needs and there are certain factors that drive them to act in a manner so that they can satisfy their needs resulting in motivation(Murray, et al., 2006). There are a number of content theories which can be applied by McDonalds in order to identify factors that can enhance employee motivation. Process Theories Process theory studies the way employees needs themselves influence their behaviour (Ranganayakulu, 2005). According to this theory people are motivated to achieve a goal when they feel they goal is worth the effort. Individuals tend to display good perform when they are aware they will be paid equally well in return. There a several motivational theories which can be applied by McDonalds in order to overcome the issues related to low employee motivation. Needs Hierarchy Model Formulated by Abraham H. Maslow this model suggests that people have exceptionally high needs that are complex in nature and can be arrange in a hierarchical pattern(Herzberg, et al., 2011). According to this model once a needs has been satisfied its motivational impact declines. Employers must focus on satisfying lower level needs prior to higher level needs and higher level needs can be satisfied in many ways while there are few ways of satisfying lower level needs(Fox, 2007). This model has categorized human needs into five broad categories and has arranged them in form of a pyramid wherein the lowest level forms the base of the pyramid and the highest level need forms the cone. The five categories of needs arranged in an increase level of priority are; physiological needs, security needs, affiliation needs, esteem and self-actualisation needs (Shajahan, 2007). This theory can prove to be very effective for McDonalds and will greatly help them in satisfying basic needs of their em ployee who in turn will be motivated to deliver high performance and show commitment towards their jobs. Physiological needs: These are the lowest level needs and refer to an individuals desire for air, water, food and shelter (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). In order to satisfy these needs individuals are ready to take and job for which they are paid. Unless these needs are satisfied no individual can focus on satisfying higher level needs. As McDonalds is able to satisfy these needs people who only work for money are willing to take these job however they show very low level of job commitment. Security Needs: These are needs which people tend to satisfy once their physiological needs are satisfied. Need for safety, absence of threat, pain and illness and stability come under level of needs (Bonnici, 2011). McDonalds is able to provide their employee a healthy and safe work environment which is free from threats however they lack in providing stability to their employees. The wages offered to employees are too low to enhance stability. Affiliation Needs: This category of needs include individuals need for love, friendship and feeling of belonging (Daft, 2014). In a professional context this need define a desire for healthy employer-employee relationship. As stated earlier McDonalds has not been able to develop a healthy employer-employee relationship as they feel people tend to perform better in a supervised and pressurised state. Managers are responsible for ensuring their employees display high productivity and are not much concerned about their growth and development. Esteem Needs: This category refer to employees desire for feelings of self-worth, respect, recognition and achievements (Herzberg, et al., 2011). McDonalds do have rewards and recognition programs however they are not sufficient enough to motivate employees. Employees are expected to perform tasks as directed and are not enough to participate in decision making. As a result employee feel they are not important for the company and are not treated with respect and integrity Self-Actualisation Needs: This is the highest level need which employee tend to satisfy once all lower level needs are satisfied. This represent employees desire to realise their full potential and be what they want to be (Jr, 2005). McDonalds is not at all concerned about satisfying employees self actualisation needs. Very less focus is given to employee training and development thus limiting their learning. Processes are predefined thus leaving no space for employees to us their creativity. In order to implement the needs hierarchy model to increase employee motivation managers at McDonalds will have to focus on effective communication and conduct frequent one to one meetings and group discussions that will help them understand their employees better and identify their needs. Motivator-Hygiene Model Designed by Fredrick Herzberg and his associated the Motivator-Hygiene model is also called two-factor theory (Herzberg, et al., 2011). According to this theory motivators and hygiene are two sets of factors that are responsible for creating job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction (Daft, 2014). Motivators refer to factors like achievements, advancements, challenge, feedback, work itself, responsibility and recognition(Daft, 2014). These factors help creating a positive perception about the job and its contents. Motivators can also be referred to as intrinsic factors as they are internal to the individual and are related to the job directly. Hygiene factors are related to salaries, company policy and administrations, job security, benefits, working conditions and interpersonal relations(Herzberg, et al., 2011). As they are external to the job they are also called as extrinsic factors. As discussed earlier McDonalds needs to seriously work to improve their motivators and hygiene factors. Managers must identify factors that enhance employee motivation at workplace resulting in improved effectiveness and efficiency. Equity Theory As stated by this theory individuals have a tendency to compare the ratio of their own input/outputs at the workplace to the ratio of input/output of other individual (Kitchin, 2010). Any inequality among ratios leads to job dissatisfaction and influence employees to find ways to restore quality (Moyles, 2006). In case of McDonalds their employees must be finding good inequality ratios thus are motivated to switch jobs due to which the company has to face high turnover. Expectancy Theory According to this theory people are rational beings who have definite set of goals and can be motivated if their expectations are met (Northouse, 2010). In order to meet the expectations of the employees it is important to inform them that their efforts will always be rewarded wither monetarily or by non-financial means(Daft, 2014). All these motivational theories and models can be implemented by McDonalds to solve the problems associated with low employee motivation and also to enhance their commitment towards their job, overall productivity and performance efficiency. Solution Employees at McDonalds face a serious issue of low motivation which is greatly affecting their overall productivity, performance and commitment. Its high time McDonalds must work on ways that will help increasing job satisfaction and motivation at workplace. A survey conducted among some of McDonalds employees has helped identifying factors they feel inspire them to work with McDonalds, more than 60% of employees strongly agreed with the factors being their motivators to work such as, flexible working hours, provision of food facilities and no specific skill requirement to get a job. They survey also helped identifying factors that are leading to high de-motivation among employees, more than 75% of employees strongly agreed with the factors being reason for low motivation such as; very low wages, poor employer-employee relationship, monotonous nature of work, lack or reward and recognitions and no focus on employee growth and learning. In order to overcome the problem of low employee motivation which result in high employee turnover and low productivity McDonalds must make efforts to bring some improvement in wages paid to employees and introduce an attractive reward and recognition program. Managers at McDonalds must focus on effective communication and improving their relationships with employees. Attempts must be made to identify the needs of employees and then making efforts to satisfy the lower level needs first. McDonalds must ensure that motivators and Hygiene factors that lead to high employee motivation must be in place and work efficiently. McDonalds must focus on training and development of employees in order to satisfy their learning needs and provide them ample growth opportunities so that they are motivated to show high commitment to their job. References Adair, J., (2009) Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bonnici, C. A., (2011) Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education: RL Education. Daft, R., (2014) The Leadership Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B. B., (2011) The Motivation to Work. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Hossain, M. Hossian, A., (2012) Factors Affecting Employee Motivation In The Fast Food Industry: The Case of KFC UK Ltd.. Reseach Journal of Economics, Business and ICT, 5(1), pp. 21-30. Jr, J. E. B., (2005) Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership: A Test of Antecedents. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), pp. 25-39. Kitchin, D., (2010) An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers. New Jersey: Routledge. McDonald's, (2015) About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome.html [Accessed 2015]. Miner, J. B., (2005) Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Moyles, J., (2006) Effective Leadership And Management In The Early Years. Boston: McGraw-Hill International. Mukherjee, S., (2005) Organisation Management And Business Communication. New Delhi: New Age International. Mullins, L. J., (2011) Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Murray, P., Poole, D. Jones, G., (2006) Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. Sydney: Cengage Learning Australia. Nawaz, A. S. M. S., (2011) Employee motivation: A study on some selected McDonalds in the UK. African Journal of Business Management, 5(14), pp. 5541-5550. Northouse, P. G., (2010) Leadership: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE. Ranganayakulu, K., (2005) Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Dist. Shajahan, S., (2007) Organisation Behaviour. New Delhi: New Age International.

Research Method Cost Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Research Method Cost Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction: According to Fabrizio and Hawn (2013), Wejnert defines diffusion of innovations is the spread of abstract concepts, ideas and actual practices applied in a system where the spread takes place via influence and communication. It is argued that the theory adds relative advantage such as cost effectiveness, reinvention and explains the complexities and task issues along with it. However, the theory is criticized for having a pro-innovation bias that assumed change is always good. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Edmunds, Thorpe and Conole (2012) state technology acceptance as the way people adopt and accept technology for usage. It mentions the psychological factors affecting technology accepted as developed by Davis for explaining technology use. According to the above figure, the perceived usefulness and ease of use serves as a mediator of actual system use. The two constructs help in underpinning the TRA as there is a link established between attitudes, intentions and actual system usage. Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour The Theory of Planned Behaviour helps in predicting the behaviour of people not having complete volitional control. Further, the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour focuses on the factors and beliefs that influences subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioural control (Zolait 2011). Dynamic capability theory involves the firms ability to build, integrate and reconfigure the rapidly changing business environments. They are necessary to meet challenges and build strategic assets such as technology, capability and customer feedback (Fabrizio and Hawn 2013). The stakeholder theory was originally formulated by Edward Freeman that considers the responsibility of managers to serve in the best possible interest of the shareholders (Fabrizio and Hawn 2013). Review of Empirical Research The following theories along with the empirical research from below provide a valuable starting point for studying the relationship between employee awareness and benefits of adopting ICT in the organization. Authors Purpose Variable from Research Methodology Limitation Extraction Chugh, Wibowo and Grandhi (2016) Determine the level of awareness of sustainable practices by Indian ICT professionals ICT usage Questionnaire using quantitative methodology Small sample size, geographical restriction Large organizations with more than 1000 employees have environmental sustainability awareness. Cecere et al. (2014) Studying the pattern of innovative activity in green ICT High growth, technological pervasiveness and other actors Qualitative using case study analysis The research method adopted in complex in nature There is high innovative activity where there is high growth and technological pervasiveness Radu (2016) Identifying emerging research trends in adopting green ICT. Economic, regulatory and ethical determinants Qualitative using review of existing literature No empirical test is made. General and specific determinants analysed separately. A few determinants of ICT adoption are competitiveness, cost reduction, dynamic of industry and various others. Khor et al. (2015) Overview of green IT applications Organizational theories Green IT/ IS implementation Qualitative using review of existing literature No primary method of data collection is used. No methodological aspects for application of theory are discussed. Organizations are increasingly becoming environmental-responsive. Buchalcevova and Gala (2013) Shows the drivers and inhibitors that influence Green ICT diffusion in Czech SMEs. Perceiving inhibitors and drivers Quantitative using survey No existing literature supporting concepts and theories are provided. There is lack of government support and incentives in adoption of green ICT practices. Peng (2013) Importance and impact of environmental challenges in the ICT industry ICT and environmental challenges Qualitative using review of existing literature The results are limited to China industry. Green ICT Conceptual Framework Technological Context System Quality Individual Impact Information Quality Organizational Context Low Financial Cost Positive Organizational Culture Technical Competence Environmental Context Less Energy Usage Low Environmental Footprint According to the above figure, it can be interpreted that the technological context, organizational context and environmental contexts, there is a difference in green employee awareness. The firm adopting technological innovations, both in equipment and processes make employees aware. Organizational context such as availability of resources, firm size and their culture also affects the employee awareness. Lastly, the environmental factors such as energy usage, impact on environment also affect employee awareness level and green ICT adoption. H0= There is an inverse or no relationship between employee awareness and adoption of ICT. H1= There is a positive relationship between employee awareness and adoption of ICT. Research Design and Methodology The research paradigm adopted for this study is epistemology. It is concerned with addressing facts that are acceptable. It also consists of acceptable knowledge about the information that can be treated as a fact. The philosophy is used as the information regarding employee awareness and ICT can be proved without doubt rather than opinions and changeable situations (Welman et al. 2012). The research philosophy adopted for the research study is positivism. Positivism generates hypotheses or research questions that can be tested allowing to measure acceptable and actual knowledge. This research method is adopted as the method chosen for collection and analysis is quantitative in nature (Welman et al. 2012). The methodology adopted for the current research problem is primary in nature. Primary data is adopted as not much secondary information is provided on the same research problem. Also, as it relates to employee awareness, the primary method shall be more suitable than secondary data collection. There is a gap in the existing literature that shall be minimized using this research study. Further, primary data is more relevant and accurately addresses the research intention (Welman et al. 2012). The research is conducted in a Malaysian organization with around 500 employees who shall be a part of the research study. Therefore, the target population is 500 employees. The sample size is chosen as 100 employees as the population size for the study is huge. The sampling is done using the simple random sampling where a group of people are randomly selected for the research study. The entire sampling process is carried in a single step where the people are selected entirely by chance (Welman et al. 2012). The simple random sampling gives equal chance or probability of getting selected. Every individual has an equal chance of getting selected for any subset of individuals (Welman et al. 2012). Approval was generated from the manager of Malaysian organization for conducting the research study. To attain the objectives of research, it required travelling to the Malaysian organization. Written consent of the participants was generated and there was no forceful attempt for involving the participants in the research study. Privacy and confidentiality of the data obtained is maintained. The participants were assured about the study not affecting their employment status (Welman et al. 2012). References Buchalcevova, A. and Gala, L., (2013). Green ICT drivers and inhibitors perceived by the Czech SMEs.Journal of Systems Integration,4(2), p.43. Cecere, G., Corrocher, N., Gossart, C. and Ozman, M. (2014). Technological pervasiveness and variety of innovators in Green ICT: A patent-based analysis.Research Policy, 43(10), pp.1827-1839. Chugh, R., Wibowo, S. and Grandhi, S., (2016). Environmentally sustainable Information and Communication Technology usage: awareness and practices of Indian Information and Communication Technology professionals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, pp.435-446. Edmunds, R., Thorpe, M. and Conole, G., (2012). Student attitudes towards and use of ICT in course study, work and social activity: A technology acceptance model approach.British journal of educational technology,43(1), pp.71-84. Fabrizio, K. and Hawn, O., (2013). Enabling diffusion: How complementary inputs moderate the response to environmental policy.Research Policy, 42(5), pp.1099-1111. Khor, K., Thurasamy, R., Ahmad, N., Halim, H. and May-Chiun, L. (2015). Bridging the Gap of Green IT/IS and Sustainable Consumption.Global Business Review, 16(4), pp.571-593. Peng, G.C.A., (2013). Green ICT: a strategy for sustainable development of China's electronic information industry.China: An International Journal,11(3), pp.68-86. Radu, L. (2016). Determinants of Green ICT Adoption in Organizations: A Theoretical Perspective.Sustainability, 8(8), p.731. Welman, C., Kruger, F., Mitchell, B. and Huysamen, G. (2012).Research methodology. 1st ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Zolait, A., (2011). The nature and components of perceived behavioural control as an element of theory of planned behaviour.Behaviour Information Technology, 33(1), pp.65-85.